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Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Algae

Bryophytes and algae sit outside the familiar world of flowering houseplants and garden shrubs, but they are essential in ecosystems and useful in specialist displays.

KindDescriptionUses
MossesLow mats or cushions without true rootsTerrariums, bonsai top-dressing, shade gardens
LiverwortsFlat or leafy small plantsTerrariums, damp rocks, botanical collections
HornwortsSmall plants with horn-like spore structuresNatural wet habitats and study collections

Algae range from microscopic phytoplankton to large seaweeds. They are not usually treated as garden plants, but they matter in aquariums, ponds, marine systems, and food production.

Common kinds include green algae, red algae, brown algae, kelp, spirulina, chlorella, and nuisance pond algae.

Mosses need moisture, shade, and stable humidity. Algae management depends on light, nutrients, water movement, and biological balance.