Propagation

Propagation method depends on plant structure and whether you need seedlings or clones.

Method	Best for	Notes
Seed	Annuals, vegetables, many trees, wildflowers	Genetic variation, often cheapest
Stem cuttings	Pothos, coleus, rosemary, many shrubs	Clones parent plant
Leaf cuttings	African violet, snake plant, begonia	Works only for certain plants
Division	Hostas, grasses, clumping perennials	Splits existing crowns or clumps
Offsets and pups	Aloe, bromeliads, succulents, bulbs	Wait for enough roots or size
Layering	Jasmine, fig, blackberry, pothos	Roots while still attached
Grafting	Fruit trees, roses, citrus, maples	Combines scion and rootstock
Spores	Ferns, mosses	Specialist method, sterile conditions help

Use cuttings, division, grafting, or offsets when you need the same cultivar. Use seeds when variation is acceptable or desired.